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This is an experiential therapy emphasizing what is happening in the here and now to help individuals become more self-aware and learn responsibility for and integration of thoughts, feelings, and actions. A goal is to develop more internal vs. external support. Techniques used include confrontation, role playing, and the empty-chair or dialogue between two parts of a personality. Founded by Frederick S. (Fritz) Perls (1893-1970) who believed that people must find their own way in life and accept responsibility for who they are to reach maturity.
Jungian (Analytical Psychology) The focus of therapy is to help individuals access more of their inner world (their unconscious), and develop greater self-realization and individuation. Carl G. Jung's theory is psychoanalytic, but differs from traditional Freudian theory in that Jung added the concepts of individuation (human potential), which includes transcendence and spirituality. People are seen in a positive light and therapy considers the "soul" which seeks to be nurtured by something larger than the self.
This approach is based on the belief that true change and growth comes from an individual becoming more self-aware by bringing unconscious thoughts, motivations, feelings, and experiences into the conscious so that behavior is based more on reality than instinct. Founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the main concept is that behavior is determined by unconscious motivations, irrational forces, instinctual drives, and psychosexual events occurring during the first 6 years of life. Classical psychoanalysis is an intensive and long term process with a focus on transference (transferring feelings about and reactions to past significant others onto the therapist) and uncovering unconscious material.
Based on Freudian and Jungian depth psychology, Heinz Kohut, its founder, postulated that narcissism and grandiosity in the infant is healthily managed by selfobject experiences which can be idealizing, mirroring, or twinning experiencs. He felt that these selfobject experiences continue throughout development and life. The essence of therapy arises from empathic understanding within the therapeutic frame and that healing results from temporary disruptions in this empathic stance of the therapist.
RET (Rational Emotive Therapy) Based on the idea that our emotions result from our beliefs, interpretations, and reactions to life events, this type of cognitive therapy is based more on thinking and doing than with the expression of feelings. Founded by Albert Ellis (b.1913) who is known as the father of RET and the grandfather of cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Solution-focused treatment begins from the observation that most psychological problems are present only intermittently. People with panic disorder obviously do not spend every minute of every day in a panic, even depression fluctuates in severity. Solution-focused therapy tries to help the patient notice when symptoms are diminished or absent and use this knowledge as a foundation for recovery. If a patient insists that the symptoms are constant and unrelieved, the therapist works with him or her to find exceptions and make the exceptions more frequent, predictable, and controllable. In other words, therapy builds upon working solutions already available to the patient.
TA (Transactional Analysis)
Interactions with others and communication styles are seen as coming from
three states: the parent, adult and child. Therapy focuses on the
different types of ways those three parts of our personality communicate
within ourselves and with others. See works by Eric Berne. |
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